JavaScript style guide

We use the Airbnb JavaScript Style Guide and its accompanying linter to manage most of our JavaScript style guidelines.

In addition to the style guidelines set by Airbnb, we also have a few specific rules listed below.

NOTE: You can run ESLint locally by running yarn run lint:eslint:all or yarn run lint:eslint $PATH_TO_FILE.

Avoid `forEach`

Avoid forEach when mutating data. Use map, reduce or filter instead of forEach when mutating data. This minimizes mutations in functions, which aligns with the Airbnb style guide.

// bad
users.forEach((user, index) => {
  user.id = index;
});

// good
const usersWithId = users.map((user, index) => {
  return Object.assign({}, user, { id: index });
});

Limit number of parameters

If your function or method has more than 3 parameters, use an object as a parameter instead.

// bad
function a(p1, p2, p3, p4) {
  // ...
};

// good
function a({ p1, p2, p3, p4 }) {
  // ...
};

Avoid classes to handle DOM events

If the only purpose of the class is to bind a DOM event and handle the callback, prefer using a function.

// bad
class myClass {
  constructor(config) {
    this.config = config;
  }

  init() {
    document.addEventListener('click', () => {});
  }
}

// good

const myFunction = () => {
  document.addEventListener('click', () => {
    // handle callback here
  });
}

Pass element container to constructor

When your class manipulates the DOM, receive the element container as a parameter. This is more maintainable and performant.

// bad
class a {
  constructor() {
    document.querySelector('.b');
  }
}

// good
class a {
  constructor(options) {
    options.container.querySelector('.b');
  }
}

Converting Strings to Integers

When converting strings to integers, Number is semantic and can be more readable. Both are allowable, but Number has a slight maintainability advantage.

WARNING: parseInt must include the radix argument.

// bad (missing radix argument)
parseInt('10');

// good
parseInt("106", 10);

// good
Number("106");

// bad (missing radix argument)
things.map(parseInt);

// good
things.map(Number);

NOTE: If the String could represent a non-integer (i.e., it includes a decimal), do not use parseInt. Consider Number or parseFloat instead.

CSS Selectors - Use `js-` prefix

If a CSS class is only being used in JavaScript as a reference to the element, prefix the class name with js-.

// bad
<button class="add-user"></button>

// good
<button class="js-add-user"></button>

ES Module Syntax

For most JavaScript files, use ES module syntax to import or export from modules. Prefer named exports, as they improve name consistency.

// bad (with exceptions, see below)
export default SomeClass;
import SomeClass from 'file';

// good
export { SomeClass };
import { SomeClass } from 'file';

Using default exports is acceptable in a few particular circumstances:

Vue Single File Components (SFCs)
Vuex mutation files

For more information, see RFC 20.

CommonJS Module Syntax

Our Node configuration requires CommonJS module syntax. Prefer named exports.

// bad
module.exports = SomeClass;
const SomeClass = require('./some_class');

// good
module.exports = { SomeClass };
const { SomeClass } = require('./some_class');

Absolute vs relative paths for modules

Use relative paths if the module you are importing is less than two levels up.

// bad
import GitLabStyleGuide from '~/guides/GitLabStyleGuide';

// good
import GitLabStyleGuide from '../GitLabStyleGuide';

If the module you are importing is two or more levels up, use an absolute path instead:

// bad
import GitLabStyleGuide from '../../../guides/GitLabStyleGuide';

// good
import GitLabStyleGuide from '~/GitLabStyleGuide';

Additionally, do not add to global namespace.

Do not use `DOMContentLoaded` in non-page modules

Imported modules should act the same each time they are loaded. DOMContentLoaded events are only allowed on modules loaded in the /pages/* directory because those are loaded dynamically with webpack.

Avoid XSS

Do not use innerHTML, append() or html() to set content. It opens up too many vulnerabilities.

ESLint

ESLint behavior can be found in our tooling guide.

IIFEs

Avoid using IIFEs (Immediately-Invoked Function Expressions). Although we have a lot of examples of files which wrap their contents in IIFEs, this is no longer necessary after the transition from Sprockets to webpack. Do not use them anymore and feel free to remove them when refactoring legacy code.

Global namespace

Avoid adding to the global namespace.

// bad
window.MyClass = class { /* ... */ };

// good
export default class MyClass { /* ... */ }

Side effects

Top-level side effects

Top-level side effects are forbidden in any script which contains export:

// bad
export default class MyClass { /* ... */ }

document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) {
  new MyClass();
}

Avoid side effects in constructors

Avoid making asynchronous calls, API requests or DOM manipulations in the constructor. Move them into separate functions instead. This makes tests easier to write and avoids violating the Single Responsibility Principle.

// bad
class myClass {
  constructor(config) {
    this.config = config;
    axios.get(this.config.endpoint)
  }
}

// good
class myClass {
  constructor(config) {
    this.config = config;
  }

  makeRequest() {
    axios.get(this.config.endpoint)
  }
}
const instance = new myClass();
instance.makeRequest();

Pure Functions and Data Mutation

Strive to write many small pure functions and minimize where mutations occur

// bad
const values = {foo: 1};

function impureFunction(items) {
  const bar = 1;

  items.foo = items.a * bar + 2;

  return items.a;
}

const c = impureFunction(values);

// good
var values = {foo: 1};

function pureFunction (foo) {
  var bar = 1;

  foo = foo * bar + 2;

  return foo;
}

var c = pureFunction(values.foo);

Export constants as primitives

Prefer exporting constant primitives with a common namespace over exporting objects. This allows for better compile-time reference checks and helps to avoid accidental undefineds at runtime. In addition, it helps in reducing bundle sizes.

Only export the constants as a collection (array, or object) when there is a need to iterate over them, for instance, for a prop validator.

// bad
export const VARIANT = {
  WARNING: 'warning',
  ERROR: 'error',
};

// good
export const VARIANT_WARNING = 'warning';
export const VARIANT_ERROR = 'error';

// good, if the constants need to be iterated over
export const VARIANTS = [VARIANT_WARNING, VARIANT_ERROR];

Error handling

When catching a server-side error, you should use the error message utility function contained in app/assets/javascripts/lib/utils/error_message.js. This utility accepts two parameters: the error object received from the server response and a default error message. The utility examines the message in the error object for a prefix that indicates whether the message is meant to be user-facing or not. If the message is intended to be user-facing, the utility returns it as is. Otherwise, it returns the default error message passed as a parameter.

import { parseErrorMessage } from '~/lib/utils/error_message';

onError(error) {
  const errorMessage = parseErrorMessage(error, genericErrorText);
}

To benefit from this parsing mechanism, the utility user should ensure that the server-side code is aware of this utility's usage and prefixes the error messages where appropriate before sending them back to the user. See Error handling for API for more information.